Seven years ago, Katrina O’Neil went into cardiac arrest and was without oxygen for 22 minutes.
She was 29 years old, and she went into a coma for three weeks. When she woke up, she thought she was 15.
She didn’t recognize the people around her. She reverted back to being a child and wanted her mother. Because that was what her brain was telling her — that she was just a child. Thirteen years of her memory had been wiped out, and those thirteen years remain for the most part lost.
This is how a recent article posted on a CBC news website starts. The symptoms seemed all too familiar. My mother did not go into a coma of any duration, but I recognized O’Neil’s symptoms as being very similar to what my mother experienced when she had what the doctor called a small or mild stroke.
The CBC article goes on to say that when O’Neil woke up from her coma, she understandably felt confused. She had lost thirteen years of memory. She also had trouble retaining information at first. Reverting back to when she was 15 years old meant O’Neil didn’t remember her three children or their births.
In my mother’s case the memory loss seemed to be connected with her most powerful emotions. She did not know that her husband had died or that all her family, brothers and sisters and her mother, had passed away. For weeks she insisted I was her late sister, Billie. If I tried to contradict her she became very angry, and so for a while I was Billie. A situation which became even more painful when she kept asking where I, her son, was. “Where’s Steven? Why does he not come to visit me? I hope nothing has happened to him.” A very tough few weeks in which I had to involve my cousin in England to swear that he had been to Billie’s funeral. He and a friend of mine helped me to coax my mother out of her stubborn belief that I was her sister, but there are still moments when she forgets and addresses me “Billie.” I am, I am.
That was about two years ago. Now she has accepted the fact that her brothers, sisters, and her mother have passed away. But she still has no sense of time, and when I tell her how many years have passed since her last remaining sister died, she is shocked. She may accept the fact, but it is simply a fact, and in many way she does not always connect it with, nor recognize the amount of time which has passed.
Worse, however, is the situations with her husbands. Her first husband, my dad, died when I was very young. She remarried some years later. Although she has some memories of my dad, they are scattered. She often forgets his name, and is not sure if he was her husband or not, though a prompt from me sets her right. But in the case of her second husband, Taras, she has almost no memories. She cannot remember, for instance, sitting at the dining room table with him or watching TV. Most troubling, however, is she cannot remember the two of them travelling to England to visit my mother’s family. They made multiple visits over the years. These trips were highlights of their time together, but she cannot recall a single visit. And if she does, she thinks I was the person travelling with her, or she had been on her own. We have gone through all the photographs, and there are albums full, chronicling those trips, and more, but they trigger only the vaguest of notions or nothing at all.
And then there’s the mysterious third husband mixed up somewhere between my dad and Taras. She doesn’t know who it is, but she’s sure it’s someone. This is a question to which I end up pleading ignorance.
In the CBC article, which I am practically quoting from here on, the reporter interviewed Dr. Howard Chertkow, a cognitive neurologist and the senior scientist at Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Centre in Toronto, said a situation like O’Neil’s is rare, but it isn’t unheard of.
He said he once had a patient with an almost identical story to that of Kartina O’Neil. Chertkow said the hippocampus, a complex brain structure in the temporal lobe that plays a big role in memory, was likely affected by the lack of oxygen.
“Something special about the hippocampus is that it’s very sensitive to lack of oxygen,” Chertkow said in the interview. “Because when the brain stops getting oxygen, it becomes acidotic. That means that the pH level of the brain goes down.”
He said the hippocampus is very sensitive to acidosis, so the cells break down, stop functioning and die within only a few minutes. Even when the hippocampus is damaged, the rest of the brain is still viable, he said, which is why certain things like O’Neil’s movement, sensation or procedural memory wouldn’t have been affected.
Procedural memory, sometimes called motor memory, has to do with learning how to do things. Chertkow said this type of memory doesn’t need the hippocampus in the same way and relies more on the part of the brain called the cerebellum.
O’Neil was a bus driver before the injury and while she doesn’t remember her training, she said, she has sat in a bus since losing her memory and has known where the air brakes were and many of the operational parts. Chertkow said long-term memories aren’t stored in the hippocampus, but the hippocampus acts as a gateway and the memories are in a network in the cortex and the surface of the brain.
“The long-term memories from before the accident are still there in her brain,” he said. “She just can’t bring them to consciousness.”
Back to my own experience for a minute, the issue of motor skills applies to my mother perfectly. She can walk, though admittedly not too far, is in full possession of all her bodily functions, can talk about all manner of things, makes jokes, laughs, holds conversations, instructs me on how to cook certain dishes, etc.
If you’re interested in finding out more about O’Neil’s story, it is now available in a new documentary by Fredericton filmmaker Robert Gow called Losing Yourself and is available on Accessible Media Inc.
With apologies to the CBC. Thank you for reading.